The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a large domesticated mammal that has played a central role in human history for thousands of years. Domestication is believed to have occurred around 5,500 years ago on the Eurasian steppe. Horses have been used for transport, agriculture, warfare, and sport, and remain important in many cultures today.
Horses typically stand 1.4 to 1.8 meters tall at the shoulder and weigh between 380 and 1,000 kilograms, depending on breed. They are herbivores with strong grazing habits and possess a single-chambered stomach adapted for continuous foraging. Their long legs, muscular build, and efficient respiratory system make them well-suited for running and endurance.
Highly social animals, horses live in herds with established hierarchies. They communicate through body language, vocalizations, and subtle cues such as ear position. Selective breeding has produced hundreds of breeds, from heavy draft horses to agile riding types.
Throughout history, the horse has symbolized freedom, strength, and partnership with humans, and it continues to be valued for riding, sport, and companionship.
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